Landscape Ma Yansong the Shanshui City

Introduction Human landscape has a long history that relates to the cultural, social and even the economic aspects of life since the agrarian revolution. As people became more conscious and concerned about their visible environment, knowledge about the contribution of landscapes on human lives is growing gradually (Cosgrove, 1989).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Landscape: Ma Yansong the Shanshui City specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Geographical studies of the modern era reveal that landscapes are forms of cultural and social constructs, as they possess elements of possible human interventions, environmental aspects, and cultural symbolism (Cosgrove, 1989). In China, architects have really influenced the spatial development and evolution of its modernized cities, which have become an anticipation of many nations. Contributing to the modern human landscape that involves the contemporary architectural designs, M a Yansong is one of the Chinese architects who have taken the West by a surprise. Therefore, this essay seeks to analyze the Ma Yansong’s architecrural designs as some of the human landscapes of Chinese creation that are gradually becoming influential in China. Ma Yansong Landscape Being in the midst of modernism and very influential on the revolutions as seen in the modern days, Chinese city planning is taking a new form of advanced architectural design. Under Ma Yansong as the founder, the MAD architects of China have played a fundamental role in the modern housing and city planning of the Asian countries, with structures in China and Canada reflecting the MAD designs (Wang, 2013). As the main founder of the Beijing’s MAD architects, Ma Yansong has gradually become the most influential architect of the new era of building boom in China and other parts of the western nations. Beginning its influence in Canada after securing an opportunity to design the Absolute Towers in the Mississauga in Canada, Ma Yansong and the MAD architects gained a massive triumph after completing projects assigned to them in Canada (Wang, 2013). Among the famous landscape known to reflect the architectural works of Ma Yansong and the MAD architects is the landscape of the Shanshui city. The Shanshui City as Ma Yansong’s Landscape Gradually rising to the anticipation of many Asian cities and mega city planners, Ma Yansong and the MAD architects have recently emerged with innovative techniques that have spurred modern human landscapes in China (Wang, 2013). Ma Yansong’s city, Shanshui City, is one of the exemplary mega cities that have designs that reflect the social and cultural foundations of the Chinese community.Advertising Looking for essay on geography? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to Wheeler (2008, p. 400), â€Å"a profusion of built landscape types is now contributing to the rapid expansion of metropolitan regions,† and the Shanshui City of Ma Yansong is a replica of such perceptions. Designed and located in Guiyang, Shanshui City is among the most recent projects of MAD architects, which have made the architects to insist on the artistic designs as eminent in the modern China (Wang, 2013). The realism of Shanshui city presents the human nature and the traditional designs of the Chinese people, which encompass the location of cities strategically to the natural surroundings, which are mainly mountains and water. Cultural Aspects Eminent in the Shanshui City Landscaping is an art of modifying features on the land to enhance their aesthetic value and capture human culture and natural environment. Apparently, Chinese historical and architectural art remains bound to this artistic practice (Cosgrove, 1989). Although it comes with its own uniqueness in the architectural art, the Shanshui city presents an exemplary design envisaged by cultural aspects of the ancient Chinese people (Wang, 2013). Elements of cultural constructs in the Shanshui are what gave the city its name as Shanshui City, a derivation from shan and shui, which means mountains and water respectively. Shanshui City emerged from the MAD architects as a combination of Chinese urban construction and the symbolism of natural environment that presents the mountain-water traditional worship and reflects the design theory and techniques of the ancient city Chinese (Wang, 2013). As their long lasting architectural methodology, the conventional Chinese planners designed cities and towns while observing the strategic location of the natural and environmental features that mostly include mountains and water. The existence of the architectural concept surrounding the Shanshui city dates back to the worship of natural resources like water and mountains where individuals admired the water waves and the conditions of land that affected their residential sites (Wang, 2013).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Landscape: Ma Yansong the Shanshui City specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The Chinese have a long cultural history of having a natural spirit of respecting and appreciating nature, an aspect that motivated Ma Yansong and the MAD architecture team to use the idea of the mountain-water worship to develop the Shanshui city. As the basic components of the natural environment, water and mountains are essential features in Shanshui design, which follow the Chinese culture and methodology of landscape architecture (Wang, 2013). The Shanshui city is a modern and unique spatial planning in China with a fitting integration of the landscape and architecture, which comprises of artificial designs water and mountains in the form of ridges that appear in a wavelike manner (MAD Architects, 2012). Such designs relate to the ancient Chinese culture and arts, which many structures in China depict. Social Asp ects Found in the Shanshui City Human landscapes represent the economic view of nations, as the presence of urban centers with powerful mega cities and commercial buildings normally influences the economic growth of the countries (Wheelers, 2008). The Shanshui city, although it still serves as a modernized spatial planning with little direct connection with the historical development of the Republic of China, it reflects several social aspects of the Chinese nationals. Portraying the long-standing history of the Chinese city planning, which involves the concern of the natural habitat in the planning, some of the major social factors connect to the Shanshui metropolis (MAD Architects, 2012). China has grown gradually as a nation of industrialized towns with the concept of global economic power and international politics forming an important aspect of the greatest public discourse concerning the Asian state.Advertising Looking for essay on geography? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Cosgrove (1989) postulates that a city landscape represents the national image, as the public properties like streets, parks, roads, houses and other infrastructure remain fitted into the urban system, generally reflecting the national economic power. As an emergent architectural art of setting up modern cities in China, the element of a national economy that the architects developed through the mountain-water spatial planning typically reflects the Chinese outlook in terms of national wealth (MAD Architects, 2012). The modernization of the Chinese people begins from human civilization to economic growth, and the buildings and infrastructure of the big cities and the urbanization process is a critical socioeconomic aspect of the Chinese. Shanshui city is gradually becoming an independent city in the parts of Guiyang, a region that has also received substantial national attention in terms of economic development (Wang, 2013). Developing from a combination of urban mega city planning and the natural environment, an aspect that many Chinese have lived with during the conventional era, Shanshui city is emerging as a modernized Chinese urban city with all forms of aesthetics (MAD Architects, 2012). With its intended industrialization efforts, Shanshui is a town that is inseparable from the notion of economic development in China. Contrast evident in the Shanshui City landscape Shanshui City represents the human landscape developed through artificial and architectural designs couple with mountain-water architectural art that gives a certain form of contrast. The contrast that is inherent in the Shanshui city entails the difference between the modernization of spatial planning that is common across the world and the Chinese architecture that contains numerous cultural elements (MAD Architects, 2012). Shanshui seems like just an imaginative art, idealized through creative processes and not practical art that human beings can imagine. According to Wheeler (2008, p. 413 ), â€Å"if local or regional governments see New Urban form to be desirable, then stronger initiatives appear necessary to bring it into reality.† The Shanshui proposals and the underway city projects seem impractical to human practice as the art of setting up a metropolis of such a design contrasts the reality of the modern spatial planning and housing designs (Wang, 2013). When viewed from the most practical manner in the designing of modern cities including the renowned western capitals, the art of Shanshui presents a natural form of landscape rather than the most artificial designs. Alterations to the cultural designing Possessing elements of cultural designs, the buildings of emperors reflect Chinese culture. As the Chinese have always designed buildings of the emperors while examining the influence of natural resources on these buildings, the element of alteration is partially unclear, but inherent in the design (Wang, 2013). Since the buildings carry the original arch itectural designs, which have not already undergone any form of modern alteration to improve or change their physical appearance, the initial meaning of the mountain-water architectural planning has acquired a different meaning (MAD Architects, 2012). There is very little continuity of the traditional spatial planning within the Shanshui city, as the new design of Ma Yansong and the MAD architects presents a little connection between the past and the modern structures. Although the Chinese urban construction has instigated great achievements, Wang (2013) asserts that, â€Å"there are problems brought by the rapid expansion of the number and the area of the cities, such as the destruction of historic buildings and the natural ecological deterioration† (para. 2). Despite carrying conventional elements, the designs are dissimilar. Conclusion With the rapid industrialization and the growth of modern mega cities, China is also on the verge of such developments, with Ma Yansong and the MAD architects presenting unique designs to the Chinese cities. The Shanshui city project and the proposals made by city planners have demonstrated exemplary spatial planning necessary for the urban development. Shanshui city landscape has a great connection with the cultural designs and methodology of urban planning that is inherent in the ancient Chinese culture. The design reflects the traditional practice of Chinese designs that encompasses the location of cities in strategic places in relation to water and mountains, as they are the most precious components of the natural environment. The combination of urban construction and natural environment presents a city of wavy-like tops reflecting ripples of the mountains and water waves. References Cosgrove, D. (1989). Geography is everywhere: Culture and symbolism in Human Landscapes. Hong Kong, China: Barnes Noble Books. MAD Architects (2012). Ma Yansong / MAD architects: Shanshui city at design boom conversation. Web. Wang, S . (2013). Ma Yansong’s ‘Landscape and City/Shanshui City’ Exhibition Freshly Debuts in Beijing Hutong. Web. Wheeler, S. (2008). The Evolution of Built Landscapes in Metropolitan Regions. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 27(1), 400-416. This essay on Landscape: Ma Yansong the Shanshui City was written and submitted by user Ian Cain to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Florida Shrimp Industry Analysis Essay Essay Example

Florida Shrimp Industry Analysis Essay Essay Example Florida Shrimp Industry Analysis Essay Essay Florida Shrimp Industry Analysis Essay Essay What if it were logical and profitable to unify two of the fastest turning shrimp industries in the United States today? That is precisely the thought behind â€Å"bait runt production† . the latest development in the combined development of the valuable unrecorded come-on runt industry and the continual growing sphere of aquaculture. Farm-raised come-on runt is a really appropriate combination of the two concerns ; both have a historical development in Florida for over 40 old ages. Florida has been proclaimed the â€Å"Fishing Capital of the World† with its 1. 197 codified stat mis of coastline hosting 3. 4 million anglers yearly. The statistics sing the recreational fishing industry in Florida are amazing. The Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission ( FWC ) studies: The economic value of recreational fishing to Florida is $ 7. 0 billion and supports 75. 000 occupations. Recreational fishing is the 2nd largest athleticss industry in Florida with over 700 world-record fish caught. Live come-on runt is the karyon around which evolves Florida’s seawater athletics and recreational fishing. It is the preferable come-on for angling near shore species such as snook. sea trout. redfish. center. Rachycentron canadum and mackerel. The concern of catching and providing unrecorded come-on runt began with a few persons providing themselves. and a few come-on stores in the 1950’s to going a multi-million dollar industry with exports throughout the Southeast United States. This growing is a testimony to the pre-eminence of runt as the most popular unrecorded come-on among saltwater anglers in Southeast United States. : The message is clear - the recreational/sport fishing industry and unrecorded come-on runt are good established in Florida. And their popularity is turning amongst the14 million people ( 75 % life within 10 stat mis of the seashore ) and the 40 million tourers who visit each twelvemonth. Commercial fishermen presently providing 100 % of the come-on runt market experiences regulative limitations. seasonal diminutions in wild stocks. and undependable labour doing unpredictable deficits and as such are unable to run into the addition in the market demands. The FWC and Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer service studies: As the tourer and recreational fishing industry continues to increase in Florida so will the come-on runt concern. Fishermen love to utilize unrecorded come-on runt and retail merchants are ever running out of come-on before they run out of clients. The retail merchant wants consistent bringings of come-on runt in Numberss that will maintain the clients walking through the door of their store Although the fishing attempt has increased 50 % over the past 10 old ages. the unrecorded come-on reapers can non run into the market demands. This addition in demand without an addition in supplies has resulted in an highly high dollar value of unrecorded come-on. This addition in demand. low supply and high dollar value has attracted the attending of shrimp manufacturers. Now for the other half of the combination - runt aquaculture. As the demand for unrecorded come-on runt has expanded without an addition in supplies. the inevitable has begun to take topographic point - culturing Florida’s endemic penaeids for come-on size runt utilizing hatchery and production engineerings developed for other economically of import penaeids. Sweeping distributers can non acquire equal supply of come-on runt certain times ; retail merchants are forced to accept inaccurate counts and variable sizes of wild come-on. which they will free about 30 % in mortalities during the class of the twenty-four hours. Retailers can non systematically supply the client with the coveted size and frequently sell â€Å"mixes† . Fishermans are reliant on the seasonal migration. sheding periods and life rhythms of the natural population ; as such they can non vouch quality or volume. Shrimp spawn in April/May let go ofing eggs that move with the tides and currents into estuaries. where they spend their postlarval and juvenile phases before migrating back to deeper Waterss. Bait size runt are virtually impossible to reap in June. July. and August due to this natural life rhythm ; and are in short supply September through December. It is the winter months January through April that providers. jobbers and retail merchants can see marketable size come-on runt. However. even during this clip period. harvest home of little animate beings causes immediate emphasis and keeping them in â€Å"live† draw armored combat vehicles for long distance bringings consequences in high mortalities. Enter the growing industry. Aquaculture. dedicated to supplying consumers what they need – healthy. quality seafood and aquatic merchandises at market monetary values. The inability of the fishermen to supply twelvemonth round unrecorded come-on runt. there is a important spread supplies. From this deficiency of merchandise will turn the combination of unrecorded come-on runt and aquaculture- Live Bait. Inc. Live Bait. Inc. will bring forth come-on runt is at high densenesss in enclosed installations equipped with multi-phase. recirculating systems. Bait size runt will be cultured to three variable sizes. ( 8. 10. and 12 gms ) to supply the retail merchant with coveted â€Å"mixes† . Bait runt production installations. unlike shrimp boats. can be located through out Florida in high value countries that support a big volume of recreational fishing and touristry. Live Bait. Inc. will concentrate on supplying bing market channels with high quality come-on at market monetary values. in a consistent and dependable mode through out the twelvemonth. The first come-on runt production installation is said to hold been an outgrowth of a Texas A A ; M undertaking developing production systems for Gulf of Mexico endemic runt. The species of pick for this country are brown shrimp ( F. aztecus ) and it is believed that the company. although little graduated table. Lone Star Fishery. is sing continued success. There is a enormous involvement amongst fishermen and sweeping traders in developing civilization systems for come-on runt. However. once they realize the capital investing and hazard involved. they become interested in purchasing from Live Bait. Inc. The market for unrecorded come-on runt is go oning to turn. particularly during the summer when local occupants and tourers target onshore species. This year-around demand. undependable supplies and high dollar value ensures a continued market for this trade good. Industry Participants There are several groups of industry participants. which must come together in order for Live Bait. Inc. to work good. 1. Sweeping Dealers. Everything Begins and ends with this client. Sweeping distributers have established selling channels and will be purchasing straight from the production centres. Each production centre must first place the base of the jobber from which the high volume. high value concern will be drawn. Their attitudes. demands and abilities must be the generation of each determination in planing the size and location of production installations. 2. The Nuclear Breeding Center. For long-run sustainable production and the Florida Department of Aquaculture’s support and countenances ; it is imperative that a genteelness plan for F. duorarum be established from the beginning. Experience has proven the necessity of SPF stocks in minimising the incidents of diseases and carnal emphasis from high denseness. mass production. 3. . For Live Bait. Inc to bring forth. cost-efficient. quality come-on shrimp it needs outstanding seedstock. Large Numberss of seedstock at low-cost monetary values will needed. on a hebdomadal footing in order to keep the consecutive stocking required by multi-phase systems. 4. Management/Production Team. This is the triangulation point where it all comes together. The squad must place the best locations ; plan the most cost effectual installations and production systems. produce shrimp utilizing state-of-the-science engineerings to supply high quality bait runt available for day-to-day pickup. Who are the persons or groups that are likely clients of farm raised unrecorded come-on runt? Fortunately. there are some selling studies that have been conducted Florida province bureaus. the US Department of Commerce and Mariculture. Inc. that can supply some replies even in this new construct. The mark market for Live Bait. Inc. is the sweeping dealer/distributor. who presently is supplied 100 % by the come-on runt piscary. Presently. sweeping traders either purchase dockside from shrimpers and/or they use their ain boats. As such they are located within close propinquities of come-on shrimping boats and non needfully in the high value tourer countries. Each GLB’s locations will develop its installation. production Numberss. sizes and services around the mark audience –wholesalers. GLB will aim several distinguishable groups: 1. Jobbers. which fit the basic demographic features of providing retail merchants from great distances. These will be jobbers who either purchase dockside from shrimpers and/or they use their ain boats. As such they are located within close propinquities of come-on shrimping boats. which are in five major parts: Hernando ( Citrus. Hernando. Pasco. Pinellas and Manatee ) with 47 % of entire come-on runt landings ; Pine Island ( Lee County ) with 33 % of entire come-on runt landings. Biscayne Bay ( Dade and Monroe Counties ) with 18 % of entire come-on runt landings and Jacksonville ( Fernandina Beach ) with 2 % entire come-on runt landings. Jobbers will truck unrecorded come-on shrimp 220 stat mis from Homosassa to Naples or from Miami. which is 107 stat mis. Jobbers from these parts providing the North-central East Coast. the Keys and Panhandle will be targeted. 2. Jobbers who supply retail merchants covering in big volumes. For illustration marinas that sell 275. 000 – 300. 000 or more bait per twenty-four hours during the winter months and 65. 000 – 80. 000 per twenty-four hours during the summer months. Volume in these countries badly restricted due short supplies and distance from providers. Retailers claim they could sell up to 300 % more. if the supply were available. Jobbers providing big marinas. high-end fishing wharfs located in metropolitan countries. and retail bait/tackle shops that promote popular athletics fishing tourneies will be targeted. 3. Jobbers who supply high dollar come-on to retail merchants located in countries support high value recreational/sport fishing and touristry. Sweeping monetary values for unrecorded come-on vary well with location. For illustration monetary values in Pine Island will run $ 30/1. 000 runt while in Marco Island and Naples. which is merely south of Pine Island. will hold monetary values up to $ 70/1. 000. Jobbers who supply retail merchants who are willing to pay the higher market monetary value will be targeted. 4. Jobbers who are receptive of farm-raised come-on and will advance the merchandise among retail merchants. Presently. an overpowering bulk of retail merchants accept the thought of farm-raised come-on. Most are willing to pay between 50-100 % above current monetary values for farm raised come-on every bit long as the supply is consistent and dependable. Jobbers who are willing to advance our merchandise. wage premium monetary values for premium farm raised come-on runt will be targeted. 5. Jobbers who are either presently exporting to neighbouring provinces. or who would wish to export to other provinces. Florida Bait runt jobbers export unrecorded come-on nine months out of the twelvemonth to different adjacent provinces. Presently they supply 60 % of the Alabama Market. 20 % of the South Carolina and 50 % of the Georgia market. Jobbers exporting to other provinces will be targeted. 6. Bait Brokers covering in frozen come-on are presently importing little frozen runt that are badly damaged from outside the United States. The shrimp alien species. which may or may non be infected with viral diseases. These agents presently can non run into the demands of their big contracts such as those with Wal-Mart and Publix. Process them. as most of the agents besides have treating workss. 7. Jobbers who are providing retail merchants whose clients would prefer farm raised come-on over wild come-on for ecological and environmental grounds. These six primary mark groups provide fertile land for GLB to go a profitable operation within the first twelvemonth of production. In fact. GLB will go the top manufacturer of farm-raised come-on for Florida and the full sou-east coastal corridors. Live Bait. Inc. production centres will be established in cardinal locations through out Florida. The marinas. retail come-on stores. come-on and tackle stores within a thirty-mile radius will fit the demographic mark profile – high volume. high market monetary value. pro-farm raised come-on. easy buttocks to interstate main roads and are being supplied by jobbers from great distances. A selling study conducted by the Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Service’s. Bureau of Seafood and Aquaculture Marketing has documented one-year landings ( crops ) . volumes of come-on sold by retail merchants. wholesale/retail monetary values. peak seasonal demands and months of supply deficits. Major reaping countries are divided Hernando Regions ( Citrus. Hernando. Pasco. Pinellas and Manatee ) with 47 % of entire come-on runt landings ; Pine Island ( Lee County ) with 33 % of entire come-on runt landings. Biscayne Bay ( Dade and Monroe Counties ) with 18 % of entire come-on runt landings and Jacksonville ( Fernandina Beach ) with 2 % entire come-on runt landings. Annual Landings study to Florida’s Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission by accredited come-on shrimpers in 2000 was 2. 46 million lbs ( 246 million come-on size runt utilizing a 100/1b count ) . This is 50 % above the reported landings for 1991 of 1. 23 million lbs 123 million come-on size runt utilizing a 100/lb count ) . Fishery directors feel the crop Numberss are under-reported on trip tickets. And since unrecorded come-on runt is a hard currency industry gross revenues are non accurately reported. Besides non all shrimp caught as unrecorded come-on is sold as unrecorded come-on. there are high mortality rates associated with harvest home. keeping and transporting. Larger runt will frequently be culled and sold as nutrient. It is likely that the farm production needed to provide current markets will hold to be 50 % above reported landings to about 3. 69 million lbs ( 369 million come-on size runt utilizing a 100/lb count ) .

Plato's parable allegory of the cave expresses his doctrine of Ideas Essay

Plato's parable allegory of the cave expresses his doctrine of Ideas or Forms - Essay Example ad.’ This may have been â€Å"derived either from the width of his shoulders, the results of training for wrestling, or from the breadth of his style, or from the size of his forehead† (Rowe, qtd. in O’Connor and Robertson, Plato). His father, Ariston, died when Plato was a young man and his mother, Perictione, married Pyrilampes, in whose house Plato lived. Plato served in the military from 409 – 404 B.C. during the Peloponnesian War. He then participated in the Athenian oligarchy of the Thirty Tyrants in 404 B.C. but soon repudiated their violence. His disillusionment with Athenian politics was complete with the execution of Socrates in 399 B.C. which had a deep impact on his life and thinking. Leaving Athens, Plato traveled to Egypt, Sicily and Italy, where he was influenced by Pythagoras’ work to conclude that valid scientific thought must necessarily be expressed in mathematical terms. He again served as a soldier. On returning to Athens in 387 B.C. Plato founded a school of philosophy and science in a grove belonging to man called Academos: the origin of the word ‘Academy.’ Aristotle was the most renowned of the Academicians. The aim of the academy was to instruct young men to become the ideal statesmen who would usher in the ideal world of Plato’s writings. Except for an intervening period of a few years as tutor to Dionysus II of Syracuse, Plato continued in his role at the Academy until his death in 347 B.C. Plato’s life shows that, in addition to being a philosopher, â€Å"he was a man of the world, an experienced soldier, widely traveled, with close contacts with many of the leading men of affairs, both in own city and elsewhere† (Field, qtd. in O’Connor and Robertson, Plato). Plato’s Academy flourished for nine hundred years, as the longest surviving university known, until it was disbanded by the Emperor Justinian as a pagan establishment. Plato’s Dialogues assured his place â€Å"among the greatest writers of the world†

Case study report psychological needs of a subject Essay

Case study report psychological needs of a subject - Essay Example So in general we could describe the process of making a case study in the following way. At first, it is an analysis of the event than took place in reality; in the process you should define ways of solution for this specific case; you should think about the pros and cons of the rehabilitation strategies; and at last advise the best way out or a solution. There is a type or writing case studies, it's writing on psychological topics. These case studies involve a characteristic of a real person's problem. Fr the students' works also imagined people and the TV-show/book character are taken to examination. To begin the case study process we should mention at first place the client's background, namely age, gender, work, health status, family mental health history, family and social relationships, drug and alcohol history, life difficulties, goals, and coping skills and weaknesses. Then there should be described the very problem and the symptoms which suffers the subject in the case study. Here we should write every physical, mental and emotional feelings of a client. Then the psychotherapist should give the diagnosis and explain in what way he reached it and if it was difficult get to know what kind of disorder it is. Then the paper should include the intervention designed to help the person investigated. (1) Also the psychiatric therapy of treating the client and the client's possible response should be described. The effective and non-effective sides are to be analyzed. An information about the type of treatment should be provided. During the recent years, investigators have become gradually more interested in the psychological effect of injury and how sportsmen react to being injured. This resulted in an development of knowledge about the psychological rehabilitation made by sportsmen during the injury, and the successive effect of these on psychological state and strict adherence to rehabilitation course. Even though preferably the psychological support of injured sportsmen should be rendered by psychology professionals, in practice it is frequently implemented unceremoniously by physiotherapists. While physiotherapists normally approach to psychological components of injury as to very important issue, recent investigation shows that most of them do not consider themselves to be able to deal with these concepts and think that additional training is necessary (2). Moreover, a related analysis of patient's opinions showed that injured sportsmen think that doctors had not really considered the emotional effect o f their traumas(3).Let us examine one case of writing psychological case study. The subject is female, 20 years old soccer player. The problem lies in the following: she picked up injury in a game and dislocated the right shoulder; the injury is stopping her play. She is apprehensive of playing the game again. In general we can mention that any sport's activity includes a risk of getting injured. For example, in U.S. high schools the rate of traumatizing amongst teens from 15 to 20 is 12-30% per year. In Australia this rate is 20% per year, it is judging by the number of pupils attending the child emergency room. In the high sport the rate of injuries is even greater, amounting for 70-80% per year. And some studies have shown that the injury rate amongst elite sportsmen is 65% and 91% per year. From the point of view of the economy injuries of the sportsmen cost

The Role of Education in Securing Jobs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Role of Education in Securing Jobs - Essay Example This paper declares that trends during the last decade also indicate that the number of people joining university courses has significantly risen. This, further points to a stronger awareness in people that mere basic knowledge education will not enable them to secure better jobs. Some skeptics, however, express a misconceived notion that the emerging trends in higher education will result in flooding the job market with graduates and, in turn, will cause unemployment for some. Recognition and higher rewards come to graduates because most of the recruiters and employers have university diplomas and they usually know what it means and how much efforts go behind in obtaining higher education. Money orientated people obviously have to direct their attention towards subjects that attract much higher salaries than others. Usually, they are the subjects used in industry where more cash flow is involved and automatically employers can afford to pay higher rates to their employers because th ey can get reasonably fast return of the investment. This report makes a conclusion that some employers do not want to employ graduates because they are might be orientated in the wrong direction by traditional education system and they rather mould them themselves instead of spending time. Also sometimes the knowledge gained through university does not meet their expectations. But most of companies approve traditional education system and appreciate general trends.

Strategies to Lower Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Emissions

Strategies to Lower Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Emissions Carbon dioxide emissions from Annex I countries have established since 1990 but are growing rapidly in developing countries (non Annex I countries) at a rate of approximately 4% per year which is reflected in the world emissions which are growing roughly 600 million tons of CO2 per year. Carbon dioxide emissions are the dominant component of greenhouse gas emissions, but represented in 2006 only 69,6% of the total emissions. The remaining 30.4% are methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O) and fluorinated gases with high global warming potential (GWP) which are: SF6 (sulphur hexafluoride), HFCs (hydrofluorcarbons) and PFCs (perfluorcarbons). (Figure 4). Usually one expresses GHG emissions in CO2 equivalent. Total emissions in 2005 were approximately 45 Gtons of CO2.equivalent of which 30 Gtons of CO2. To reduce CO2 and other GHG emissions became thus one of the most urgent tasks we are facing today. There are two approaches to handle this problem: use energy more efficiently, consequently emitting less CO2 and extending the life of fossil fuels reserves. increase the contribution of renewable energies in the world energy matrix National governments as well as some sectors of the productive system (industry, transportation, residential and others) can adopt these solutions in differentiated degrees. In industrialized countries, which have already reached a high level of energy consumption per capita, energy efficiency is the low hanging fruit approach that can be more easily implemented. Renewable energies can also play a significant role. In developing countries where energy consumption per capita is low, and the need for the growth for energies services is inevitable, it can be done incorporating early, in the process of development, clean and efficient technologies as well as renewable energies, following a different path than that done in the past by todays industrialized countries We will discuss hereafter the potential of energy efficiency, renewable energies and emissions trading schemes in achieving the objectives of reducing greenhouse gas emissions. RENEWABLE ENERGIES Table I lists the renewable energy used in the world at the end of 2008 by all types of renewable sources, as well their yearly growth rates. Traditional biomass is left out of this table because it is used mainly in rural areas as cooking fuel or charcoal in ways that are frequently non renewable, leading to deforestation and soil degradation Renewables (including large hydro) represented, in 2008, approximately 5% of the world?s total primary energy consumption but are growing at a rate of 6.3% per year while total primary energy supply is growing at a smaller rate of approximately 2% per year. Taking into account the appropriate efficiency and capacity factors* the numbers in Table I can be converted into the total primary energy contribution from renewables (Table II) and Figure 6. An extrapolation of the contribution of renewables up to 2030 on the basis of the rates of growth in the last 10 years is shown in Figure 7. To give an idea of the effort that would be needed to curb CO2 emissions up to 2050 the IEA produced recently two scenarios of what would be required in terms of renewables in the electricity sector. The results are shown in Table III. In the IEA Scenarios nuclear energy and coal and gas fired thermal power plants (with carbon capture and storage CCS) are included. These numbers are very large but give an idea of the effort required to prevent a catastrophic climate change. The main policy instruments used to accelerate the introduction of renewables in the energy system of a number of countries are feed in tariffs and renewable portfolio standards (RPS) Feed-in tariffs: this is a policy adopted by governments to accelerate the introduction of renewable energy sources in their matrixes. Power companies are obliged to buy renewable energy from independent producers, at a fixed price above the average cost of production. These incremental costs of renewable energy over fossil fuels can be transferred to consumers. Germany has had striking success with feed-in tariffs over the last two decades, supplying 15% of its energy needs through renewable sources. The German approach involves guaranteed fixed payments for 20 years designed to deliver a profit of 7 to 9 percent. The rates charged vary by energy source and are tied to the cost of production. The rates paid for new contracts decline annually, forcing the green energy sector to innovate. Renewable Portfolio Standards: such approach places an obligation on electricity supply companies to produce a specified fraction of their electricity from renewable energy sources (typically 10-20%). Certified renewable energy generators earn certificates for every unit of electricity they produce and can sell these along with their electricity to supply companies. RPS-type mechanisms have been adopted in the UK, Italy and Belgium, as well as in 27 States in the US and the District of Columbia. Regulations vary from state to state, and there is no federal policy. Four of the 27 states have voluntary rather than mandatory goals. Together these 27 states account for more than 42 percent of the electricity sales in the country. Renewable energies are being introduced in a significant way in many countries particularly in Europe in the form of distributed generation* ( ) (mostly renewable) which seems to be the approach to be used in large scale in the future. (Figure 8) ENERGY EFFICIENCY The amount of energy required to provide the energy services needed depends on the efficiency with which the energy is produced, delivered and used. Gains in energy efficiency are usually measured by indicators, one of which is called energy intensity and defined as the energy necessary (E) per unit of gross domestic product (GDP). I = E/GDP Reduction in the energy intensity over time indicate that the same amount of GDP is obtained with a smaller energy input as shown in Figure 9. In terms of CO2 emissions for the OECD countries means a reduction of emissions of roughly 350 million tons of CO2 per year. The reasons for such decline are a combination of the following factors. structural changes in industrialized and transition countries which can come from increased recycling and substitution of energy-intensive materials improved material efficiency and intensified use of durable and investment goods, shifts to services and less energy-intensive industrial production, and saturation effects in the residential and transportation sectors (i.e., a limit to the number of cars, refrigerators, television sets, etc., that a society can absorb). Since more than 80% of the energy used in the world today comes from fossil fuels the reduction in energy intensity is reflected in a reduction in carbon intensity (I=CO2/GDP) which is shown in Figure 11. As can be seem there is a steady decline in the carbon intensity in OECD countries. In non-OECD countries there was also a decline but it has stabilized after the year 2000. Over the next twenty years the amount of primary energy required for a given level of energy services could be cost-effectively reduced by 25 to 35 percent in industrialized countries. Reductions of more than 40 percent are cost-effectively achievable in transitional economies within the next two decades. In most developing countries ? which tend to have high economic growth and old capital and vehicle stocks ? the cost-effective improvement potential ranges from 30 to more than 45 percent, relative to energy efficiencies achieved with existing capital stock. The combined result of structural changes and efficiency improvements could accelerate the annual decline in energy intensity to perhaps 2.5 percent. How much of this potential will be realized depends on the effectiveness of policy frameworks and measures, changes in attitude and behavior, as well as the level of entrepreneurial activity in energy conservation and material efficiency. Standards (e.g., building codes; well-informed consumers, planners, and decision makers; motivated operators; market-based incentives such as certificate markets; and an adequate payments system ( ) for energy) are central to the successful implementation of energy efficiency improvements. EMISSIONS TRADING In addition to national efforts to curb GHG emissions through increased energy efficiency measures and the use of renewable energy source trading emissions is a strategy used to control pollution by providing incentive s for achieving reductions in the emission of pollutants. Usually it is called a ?cap and trade? system and the way is works is the following: A central authority (usually a government or international body) sets a limit or cap on the amount of a pollutant that can be emitted. Companies or other groups are issued emission permits and are required to hold an equivalent number of allowances (or credits) which represent the right to emit a specific amount. The total amount of allowances and credits cannot exceed the cap, limiting total emissions to that level. Companies that need to increase their emission allowances must buy credits from those who pollute less. The transfer of allowances is referred to as a trade. In effect, the buyer is paying a charge for polluting, while the seller is being rewarded for having reduced emissions. An early example of an emission trading system has been the SO2 trading system under the framework of the Acid Rain Program of the 1990 Clean Air Act in the U.S. Under the program, which is essentially a cap-and-trade emissions trading system, SO2 emissions were reduced by 50 percent from 1980 leve ls by 2007. Some experts argue that the cap and trade system of SO2 emissions reduction has reduced the cost of controlling acid rain by as much as 80 percent versus source-by-source reduction?.( ) At the international level the Kyoto Protocol (KP) adopted in 1997 and which came into force in 2005, binds most developed nations to a cap and trade system for the six major greenhouse gases. In spite of being a signatory of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), the United States is the only industrialized nation (i.e., under the KP Annex I) which has not ratified and therefore is not bound by it. Emission quotas were agreed by each participating country, with the intention of reducing their overall emissions by 5.2% of their 1990 levels by the end of 2012. Under the Treaty, for the 5-year compliance period from 2008 until 2012, nations that emit less than their quota will be able to sell emission credits to nations that exceed their quota through use of the following flexibility mechanisms: Joint Implementation projects (JI) Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) International Emissions Trading (IET). The second commitment period of the KP, together with a long-term cooperative action under the UNFCCC, will be discussed by nations at the end of 2009. THE EUROPEAN UNION EMISSIONS TRADING SCHEME (EU ETS) The European Union Emission Trading System (EU ETS) is the largest multi-national, emissions trading scheme in the world, and is a major pillar of EU climate policy. Under the EU ETS, the governments of the EU Member States agree on national emission caps which have to be approved by the EU commission, allocate allowances to their industrial operators, track and validate the actual emissions in accordance against the relevant assigned amount. In the first phase (2005-2007), the EU ETS includes some 12,000 installations, representing approximately 40% of EU CO2 emissions, (2.4 billion tons of CO2 equivalent) covering energy activities (combustion installations with a rated thermal input exceeding 20 MW, mineral oil refineries, coke ovens, production and processing of ferrous metals, mineral industry (cement clinker, glass and ceramic bricks) and pulp, paper and board activities. The scheme, in which all 15 member states that were then members of the European Union participated, nominally commenced operation on January 1st, 2005, although national registries were unable to settle transactions for the first few months. The first trading period of the EU ETS ran for three years, from January 1st, 2005 until the end of 2007. With its termination first phase allowances became invalid. The goal of the trial period was primarily to gain experience with key elements of the trading system in order to have a fully operational system for 2008-2012 when compliance with binding reductions would be required under the Kyoto Protocol. (Table IV) The price of allowances increased more or less steadily to its peak level in April 2006 of about ?30 per tonne CO2, but fell in May 2006 to under ?10/ton on news that some countries were likely to give their industries such generous emission caps that there was no need for them to reduce emissions. When the publication of 2005 verified emissions data in May 2006 highlighted this over-allocation, the market reacted by substantially lowering the price of allowances. Prices dropped precipitously to ?1.2 a tonne in March 2007, declining to ?0.10 in September 2007, because allowances could not be carried over or ?banked? and used in the next trading period. Although the first phase ended disastrously, because the allowances could not be banked to the next phase, it did not impact on the prices for contracts for 2008, the first year of the second phase. Market participants knew already in 2007 that phase II would be more stringent in relation to the cap and less lenient in relation to allowances, which explains the high prices for 2008 allowances. The first EU ETS Trading Period expired in December 2007. Since January 2008, the second Trading Period is under way which will last until December 2012. Currently, the installations get the allowances for free from the EU member states governments. Besides receiving this initial allocation on a plant-by-plant basis, an operator may purchase EU allowances from others (installations, traders, the government). In January 2008, the European Commission proposed a number of changes to the scheme, including centralized allocation (no more national allocation plans) by an EU authority, a turn to auctioning a greater share (60+ %) of permits rather than allocating freely, and inclusion of other greenhouse gases, such as nitrous oxide and per-fluorocarbons. These changes are still in a draft stage; the mentioned amendments are only likely to become effective from January 2013 onwards, i.e. in the third Trading Period under the EU ETS. Also, the proposed caps for the third Trading Period foresee an overall reduction of greenhouse gases for the sector of 21% in 2020 compared to 2005 emissions. The EU ETS has recently been extended to the airline industry as well, but these changes will not take place until 2012. In addition, the third trading period will be both more economically efficient and environmentally effective. It will be more efficient because trading periods will be longer (8 years instead of 5 years), and a substantial increase in the amount of auctioning (from less than 4% in phase 2 to more than half in phase 3). The environmental effectiveness will be guaranteed by a robust and annually declining emissions cap (21% reduction in 2020 compared to 2005) and a centralized allocation process within the European Commission. A robust secondary market for carbon certificates exists through which investors bank on the future value of the EU ETS certificates changing many times. However the ETS doesn?t include transport, thus this action is limited to industrial process and energy sector. JOINT IMPLEMENTATION (JI) Joint implementation is one of flexibility mechanisms set forth in the Kyoto Protocol to help countries with binding greenhouse gas emissions targets (so-called Annex I countries) meet their obligations. In this mechanism any Annex I countries can invest in emission reduction projects (referred to as Joint Implementation Projects) in any other Annex I country as an alternative to reducing emissions domestically. In this way countries can lower the costs of complying with their Kyoto targets by investing in greenhouse gas reductions in an Annex I country where reductions are cheaper, and then applying the credit for those reductions towards their commitment goal. The process of receiving credit for JI projects is somewhat complex. Emission reductions are awarded credits called Emission Reduction Units (ERUs), where one ERU represents an emission reduction equaling one tonne of CO2 equivalent. The ERUs come from the host countrys pool of assigned emissions credits, known as Assigned Amount Units, or AAUs ( ). After a long preparatory process JI projects began to take shape. As of June 2009, 207 projects have been submitted. If all implemented they will lead to emissions reduction of 338,048 million times CO2 equivalent in the period 2008-2012. The great majority of the projects are in the Russian Federation and Eastern European countries. The number of JI projects by type is given in Figure 14. So far the only certificates issued (ERUs) emissions reduction units are 651 thousand CO2 equivalent for coal bed/mine methane. CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM (CDM) The Clean Development Mechanism is an arrangement under the Kyoto Protocol allowing industrialized countries with a greenhouse gas reduction commitment (called Annex B countries) to invest in projects that reduce emissions in developing countries as an alternative to more expensive emission reductions in their own countries. A crucial feature of an approved CDM carbon project is that it has established that the planned reductions would not occur without the additional incentive provided by emission reductions credits, a concept known as additionality. The CDM allows net global greenhouse gas emissions to be reduced at a much lower global cost by financing emissions reduction projects in developing countries where costs are lower than in industrialized countries. The CDM is supervised by the CDM Executive Board (CDM EB) and is under the guidance of the Conference of the Parties (COP/MOP) of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). By June 1 2009, 4,417 projects have been submitted which if all implemented correspond to 2,931,813 million tons of CO2 equivalent. It represents roughly 1% of the total necessary effort to curb GHG emissions until 2050. Roughly 75% of the CDM projects are in China. In contrast to emissions trading schemes which are actively traded in the stock market JI and CDM are project-based transaction. THE STIMULUS PACKAGE A significant amount of the stimulus package adopted by a number of governments to face the financial crisis of 2007/2008 is made of investments in so called ?green? activities. They amount to 6% of the total recovery packages announced by governments (US$184.9billion dollars). (Figure 17) China and the US remain the leaders, in nominal terms, of the green stimuli activities, earmarking US$ 68.7 billion and US$ 66.6 billion respectively. The sector break-down shows that energy efficiency (Figure 18) remains at the heart of the low-carbon fiscal stimuli. Accounting for as much as 36% of the total US$ 184.9 billion, the sector will receive a boost of some US$ 65.7 billion globally, mainly via building efficiency projects. In addition to that, US$ 7.9 billion has been announced for research and development in energy efficiency. The second major winner is electricity grid infrastructure. More than US$ 48.7 billion has been earmarked for its development and upgrade, accounting for some 26% of the total funds. The Department of Energy has already disbursed US$ 41.9 million in grants for fuel cell energy projects. Furthermore, US$ 101.5 million has been directed to wind energy research and detailed plans have been disclosed on US$ 2.4 billion to be spent on carbon capture and storage and US$ 4 billion for grid upgrades. Details of almost US$ 1.3 billion, out of US$ 2 billion to support energy science research, have also been confirmed and there are now only some US$ 725 million remaining to be allocated.

Compare and contrast the poems Anthem for Doomed Youth by Wilfred Essay

Compare and contrast the poems Anthem for Doomed Youth by Wilfred Owen and The Soldier by Rupert Brooke. What are the poets' attitudes towards war and how do they convey these attitudes? Wilfred Owen's "Anthem for Doomed Youth" and Rupert Brooke's "The Soldier" express opposing views towards war and matters related to it. Owen condemns war as the cause of immense and painful loss of youths, killed like animals. He also attacks the church, generally held to preserve human life and dignity, implying it is powerless and irrelevant in a war situation. Brooke expresses ready acceptance (his view is meant to be the general view) of possible death on his country's behalf in grateful return to her for having "bore, shaped and made aware" him and enriching him spiritually. There is no reference to the horrors and pain of war. Apart from the poets' different attitudes towards war, there are many other differences such as tone, imagery and language. In 'The Soldier', Brooke's sense of indebtedness to his country completely blots out any sense of loss or regret over possible death on her behalf. Brooke doesn't even mention war in his poem. He is ready to give "back the thoughts by England given". He accepts death in war as a suitable repayment to his country for what England has done for him. England has given him birth, her "flowers", "ways to roam", "air", "rivers" and "suns" and made him like every other English person: special, privileged and worthy. In the line "In that rich earth, a richer dust concealed," his is the "richer dust", made by England. Here his physical being created and nurtured by England is gratefully returned to her. His appreciation and gratitude to England ring sincerity as reflected by h... ...f rounding up the sonnet as well as emphasising complete grief over the loss of Youth. The contrast with the first stanza's violence makes the reader see the different aspects of war - what happens on the battlefield, and what happens at home. Owen's poem, 'Anthem for Doomed Youth' is more appealing to me because it deals with two contrasting realities of war. His first stanza highlights the wastefulness of war (deaths of young soldiers) while the second stanza, the mourning for the dead. His sarcastic and later quiet tone reinforce the stark contrast between the different aspects of war. He uses powerful imagery and onomatopoeia to achieve the desired effects that make the poem more realistic. All this combined together produces effective thought provoking ideas and with each read, I gradually get an improved understanding and appreciation of the poem.